Lab 7 Immune System

 

  Blood, Erythrocytes & Leukocytes

 Erythrocytes

 

 Basophil

Neutro

Lymphatic System

Tonsil

The lymphatic system is physiologically and anatomically related to the cardiovascular system by the way that the cardiovascular system takes blood and the nutrients that the blood caries (oxygen, "food", etc.) around to the body, while the lymphatic system basically picks up and recirculates the fluids that the circulatory system dropped along the way. The lymphatic system makes the circulatory system not have to work as hard (otherwise, the circulatory system would have to deposit nutrients AND pick up fluids)

Nonspecific Body Defenses

    The three ways the integumentary system provieds the first line of defense are:
               a.       Skin: Acts as a barrier that protects us from injury, infection, and dehydration

b.      Tears, Saliva & Earwax: Tears lubricate the eyes and washing away particles. Tears and Saliva both contain lysozyme, an enzyme that kills many bacteria. Earwax traps small particles and microorganisms.

c.       Mucus: A thick, gel-like material secreted by cells at various surfaces of the body, including the lining of the digestive tract and branching airways of the respiratory system.  Microorganisms that come into contract with the sticky mucus become trapped and cannot gain access to the cells beneath. 

    The protective role of the cilia is when you breath in dust through your mouth the beating of the cilia moves the mucus upward so we can cough it up and spit it out or swallow it.

     The primary tissue type that cilia arise from is the Epithelium

The process of phagocytosis 

1)      Phagocyte approaches and captures bacterium

2)      Phagocyte surrounds bacterium

3)      Bacterium becomes enclosed in vesicle

4)      Vesicle fuses with lysosomes

5)      Lysosomal enzymes digest bacterium

6)      Wastes and debris are discarded

The Process of Phagocytosis

The two types of Phagocytosis are shown below:

 Neutrophil

  Eosinophil

The process involved in the inflammatory response is when tissues are injured the damaged cells release chemicals as an alarm for the process to begin. These chemicals stimulate mast cells, which are connective tissue cells specialized to release histamine. Histamine dilates blood vessels and makes them leaky. Complement proteins from plasma diffuse and sometimes kill them. Attracted by histamine chemicals, phagocytes and other squeeze through the leaky capillary walls and begin attacking and engulfing bacteria and debris.     

Mechanism by which complement kills bacteria

   
         

a.      Activated complement proteins from complexes of proteins that create holes in the bacterial wall.

b.      Water and salts diffuse into the bacterium through the holes

c.       The bacterium swells and eventually burst.

 

Specific Body Defenses

      The major histocompatibility complex is when a group of genes that code for proteins found on the survaces of cells help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
          

 Basic structure of an antibody

There are 5 different types of antibodies that a person has in their body.  They are as follows:

         

a.       IgG –Activate the complement system and neutralize many toxins.  They are the only antibodies that cross the placenta during pregnancy and pass on the mother’s acquired immunities to the fetus.

b.      IgM –Are the first to be released during immune responses.  They activate the complement system and cause foreign cells to agglutinate.

c.       IgA –Enter areas of the body covered by mucous membranes.  They neutralize infectious pathogens.

d.      IgD –This antibody is in the B Cell, blood & lymph.  Not sure they may play a role in the B Cell.

e.      IgE –In the B Cell, mast cells and basophils.  They activate the inflammatory response by triggering the release of histamine.

Colonal Expansion

The colonal expansion is production of daughter cells all arising originally from a single cell.

The interfeon operats by stimulating the production of proteins that interfere with viral reproduction.

There are two differences between cell mediated and antibody mediated immune response and they are:

1. B cells produce circulating antibodies
2. T cells either release chemicals that simulate other cells of the immune system or they directly attack the foreign cell and kill it.  Secondly, the T cells receptors cannot recognize whole anitgens - they only react to small fragments or antigens.

The cells involved in the cell mediated immune reponse are the following:

• C Lymphocytes
• B Lymphocytes
• Macrophages

The cells involved in the antibody mediate immun reponse are as follows:

1. B Lymphocytes
2. Plsama Cells

The difference between passive immunization and active immunization are:

a.       Passive Immunization – Helps against existing or anticipated infections.  This is done by receiving a gamma globulin shot.  However protection is not as long-lasting as Active Immunization.  Passive Immunization cannot confer long-term immunity against a second exposure.   Example of Passive Immunization are Measles, Hepatitis B & Tetanus.

b.      Active Immunization - The process of activating the body’s immune system in advance.  Getting a vaccine of antigen produced from dead or weakened pathogens.  An example is the oral Polio vaccine. 

Johnson, Michael. "Human Biology." Human Biology. 1 Sept. 2014. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.