Blood Typing
It
is easy to determine an individual's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A
serum containing antibody A (anti-A) is mixed with some of the blood.
Another serum with antibody B (anti-B) is mixed with another sample. Whether or
not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the blood type. For
instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by antibody A, but
not antibody B, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen.
Therefore, the blood type is A.
Rh
factor is another red blood cell surface protein. A person can have two copies
of Rh+, two copies of Rh- (meaning no antigen is made),
or one copy of each. When an Rh- individual makes contact with the
Rh+ factor (as is the case with an Rh- fetus carried by
an Rh- mother), the Rh factor is recognized as foreign, and an
immune response begins and small amounts of Rh antibodies and lymphocytes are
made. Keep in mind that the fetus’s blood and the mother’s blood do not mix
during the gestation, but they do during the birthing process, so a future
contact with the antigen signals circulating antibodies to create an intense
and effective attack against the Rh+ factor.
Some
patients require a closer blood match than that provided by the ABO
positive/negative blood typing. For example, sometimes if the donor and
recipient are from the same ethnic background the chance of a reaction can be
reduced. That’s why an African-American blood donation may be the best hope for
the needs of patients with sickle cell disease, 98 percent of whom are of
African-American descent.
It’s
inherited. Like eye color, blood type is passed genetically from your parents.
Whether your blood group is type A, B, AB or O is based on the blood types of
your mother and father.
Blood
Typing Game
In playing the blood typing game my blood results were“5”. I was
able to save my patient and all were happy. In giving my patient the needed transfusions,
I had a 5 out of 5 success rate. My
grandson found this game to be entertaining and we played it several
times. He enjoyed watching the expressions
on the patients face has they died. My
grandson was able to understand the game enough that he would figure out the
answer before I could. If a patient is
given the wrong blood type the outcome would be the life expectancy would be
zero and he would die.
There
are 5 Leukocytes which are as follows:
- a. Basophils
- Basophils play a major role in
inflammation, especially allergic reactions. They store histamine, a
substance that dilates blood vessels and allows blood to flow into the
tissues, causing inflammation.
- b. Eosinophils
- Eosinophils combat infections,
especially those from small parasites. They are also important in fighting
off viral infections.
- c. Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes are part of the
adaptive immune system, which is able to recognize foreign matter and
destroy it quickly. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells, which are
able to recognize and destroy altered cells, such as cancerous or infected
cells. T cells and B cells are also types of lymphocytes.
- d. Monocytes
- Monocytes are important in the
innate immune system, the part of the immune system that removes
infections without requiring any memory of the attacking organism.
Monocytes protect tissues from invading foreign substances and can rapidly
move through the body to sites of infection.
- e. Neutrophils - Neutrophils are often the first responders in cases of
injury or infection and are involved in early inflammation. Neutrophils
are able to fight off bacterial and fungal infections by ingesting the
invading organisms, which are killed and eliminated from the body.
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