Lab 2 Acid-Base & Molecules

Part I Acid & Bases

           
Seeing color changes is a convenient way to detect structural changes in pigments. Pigments are a type of protein. There are many other types of proteins in the human body. Remember, a protein is composed of amino acids, but an amino acid is not protein. Proteins form structures such as ligaments and enzymes, but these are not names of proteins.

a.       Albumins Protein  (Pg 143)

b.      Globulins Protein  (Pg 143)

c.       Lactoferrin Protein  (Pg 208)

d.      Transport Protein   (Pg 53)

e.       Beta Amyloid Protein  (Pg 272)

f.       Complete Protein  (Pg 341)

 

Johnson, Michael. "Human Biology." Google Books. Pearson. Web. 5 Sept. 2015.

           

         

Lactoferrin

            Instead of blindly responding to potential threats, Lf modulates the immune system (Tomita et al. 2009, Legrand 2012). This means that Lf up-regulates or down-regulates immune responses. By reacting this way, Lf can help formulate a custom immune response to any threat. Lactoferrin also may help prevent or calm down allergic reactions.

Lactoferrin has an important role in modulating the immune response to threats.

• First, Lf stops and/or slows microbe (bacteria, viruses and others) replication and growth (Rodrigues et al. 2009, Legrand 2012): 

Lactoferrin snatches up and binds iron needed by bacteria, parasites and yeast cells. Lack of iron inhibits microbes' growth and reproduction.

Lactoferrin disrupts microbe membranes. This kills or cripples the microbes.

Lactoferrin prevents microbes from binding to host cells and/or disrupts microbe/membrane binding.

 

                 Lactoferrin disrupts cell-viral interactions.

This prevents viruses from attaching to cells and slows viral replication.

•        Second, Lf recruits more immune system fighters (Rodrigues et al. 2009, Legrand 2012):
  

                    
                   Lactoferrin activates innate immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.                 

                   Lactoferrin attract immune cells to itself in order to obtain help in destroying

pathogenic microbes.

 
                  Lactoferrin activates T-cell response.

 

•          Third, once the immune system has gotten the infection under control, Lf acts quickly to down-regulate the immune response and reduce inflammation (Tomita et al. 2009). You don’t want your body to be on heightened alert all the time. Chronic inflammation has been linked to metabolic disorders such as high blood pressure, high blood lipid concentrations, diabetes and gaining weight around the middle (very few people seem to desire this with the possible exception of sumo wrestlers). In addition, an uncontrolled immune response can cause cellular and tissue damage.

•        One way Lf downsizes immune response is by binding endotoxin or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), pro-inflammatory molecules that attract immune cells (Vogel 2012). By binding LPS, Lf prevents them from attracting more immune cells. This down-regulates immune system activities and reduces inflammation. Some components of LF also neutralize LPS  

http://mooscience.com/Lactoferrin.html

 

Part II What Molecule it that?

 

 

                Molecule A

1. Carbohydrate
2. Cellulose

 

               Molecule B 

1. Lipid
2. Triglycerides (Natural Fats)

                Molecule C

1. Nucleic
2. DNA

                Molecule D

1. Lipids
2. Testosterone

                Molecule E

1. Proteins
2. Enzymes