Walls Bio 156 Human Biology

Epithelial Tissue:

Stratified squamous Plate 2.22

Cuboidal Plate 2.17

Simple Columnar Plate 2.18

Two distinguishing microscopic characteristics of epithelial tissue is that it covers the surfaces of the body, whether external or internal and it acts as a protective covering or boundary for such surfaces, including the outer layer of the skin, as well as the inner surface of "hollow" organs like the stomach, colon, and blood vessels.

Epithelial cells line the major cavities of the body. Epithelial form the structure of the lung, including the alveoli or air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Cells line most organs, such as the stomach and small intestine, kidney, and pancreas. They also line the esophagus.

Connective Tissue:

Loose (areolar) Plate 3.27

Adipose Plate 3.39

Hyaline cartliage Plate 3.41

Two distinguishing microscopic characteristics of connective tissue are cells are separated by large amounts of extra-cellular substance or matrix and are scattered in the matrix are thread like microscopic fibers.

The function of the connective tissue is protection, support & bind tissues together. The structures matches it's function in the matrix for strength & fibers for support.

Muscle Tissue:

Skeletal (striated) Plate 5.66

Smooth Plate 5.81

Cardiac Plate 5.76

Two distinguishing characteristics of muscle tissue are the cells or fibers are elongated with tapered ends and gap junctions are seen.

The structures of the cells have fibers that allow them to contract or get shorter. They are used to move materials & body parts. They help move materials in the body.

Nervous Tissue:

Motor neuron Plate 6.89

Two distinguishing characteristics of the nervous tissues are many cells are packed close4ly together and strongly branching.

The function of these cells is to help carry messages throughout the body. They have branching ends that help pick up & send out impulses as well as long strands that carry the impulse over distances through the body.

Tissue Membranes

Synovial Membrane

Lines the thin cavities between bones, secrete lubricating watery fluid and are composed of connective tissue only.

Serous Membranes

Lines and lubricates and are composed of epithelial and connective tissues.

Mucus Membrane

Lines passageways open to the outside of the body and are composed of epithelial and connective tissue. Embedded goblet cells secret mucus.

Cutaneous Membrane

Forms the skin (also known as the integumentary system) serving to protect underlying organs and tissues. Composed of epithelial and connective tissue.

Body Position & Directional Planes

A friend tells you she has a blister on the inferior surface of her foot. She adds that it is posterior, not anterior. You need to explain to her that her blister is on the back of her foot.

Skin Structure and Function:

Visualizing Changes in Skin Color

Palm of hand was flesh color until pressed firmly against a glass plate. After a few seconds the skin turned white due to the compression (blood flowing out). I believe that after an extended amount of time with the compression on the palm, the palm would become numb due to lack of circulation and blood flow.

Testing Tactile Localization and Adaptation:

Table 1. Average Discrepancy Between Subject and Experimenter Touch Point

Palm Fingertip Forearm Back of Hand

Average Discrepancy Average Discrepancy Average Discrepancy Average Discrepancy

1.75 mm .5 mm 1.25 mm 1.5 mm

First Attempt 8.72 seconds for sensation to go away

Second Attempt 6.82 seconds for sensation to go away

Third Attempt 13.70 seconds for sensation to go away. by adding 3 more coins the pressure caused the sensation to last longer than attpem #2 with a difference of 7.5 seconds.

Appendages of the Skin

The Action of UV Light

When I am in the sun for a long period of time I use 30-50 SPF.
UV exposure increases the production of melanin in your skin. This would mean exposure to sun and tanning beds.

Part I

Table 1. Microscope magnification.

Lens mag. Ocular mag. (fill in) Total mag. (fill in)

a. Scanning 4x multiplied by 10 x = 40 x

b. Low power 10x multiplied by 10 x = 100 x

c. High power 40x multiplied by 10 x = 400 x

d. Oil immersion 100x multiplied by 10 x = 1000 x

Part II

Onion Root

1. Cell membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. Nucleus

Cheek Cells

Plasma membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

How might the thin, flat shape of cheek cells relate to their function? They are like tiles or roofing shingles. This is perfect shape for protecting & covering over the inside of the cheek.

What structure separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm? The Nuclear Membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

What is the function of the nucleoli? Why is this important? The nucleoli make ribosomal subunits from proteins & ribosomal RNA. The importance of the ribosomal is that it makes proteins for the cell.

Other than the nucleoplasm and the nucleoli, what are three other materials found in a nucleus? A) DNA, B) Chromatin, C) Nuclear Pore

When you begin, in what position should the condenser be? The condenser should be at its highest level when you first start to use the microscope.

Which objective should be in place when you start? Objective 4X should be your starting point when looking through the oculars.

Which focusing knob do you first use when you begin looking at a slide? The Coarse Adjusting knob will be used to help you focus.

What do you adjust if you can see two overlapping circles with part of the object in each circle? While looking through eyepiece (Oculars) you adjust them in or out till you only see one circle.

How do you move the slide on the stage? To move the slide on the stage you would use the coarse adjustment knob.

What device can be opened to increase light? A person would use the Diaphragm or Light intensity knob to increase the light.

What is the name of the highest magnifying objective? The highest magnifying objective is 10X or High Dry

What materials are used to clean slides? To clean slides it is recommended to use only soap and water.

What materials are used to clean objectives? Lens paper or Lens cleaner should be used when cleaning the objective lens.

Explain the procedure for stowing the microscope. Make sure the lowest power objective lens is in place, turn lamp to lowest setting, remove any slides from the stage and wrap cord around arm or head. Place on the shelf.

Describe two ways you can decrease light intensity. Adjusting the condenser down or adding a blue filter.

Which objective allows you to see the largest area of the object that you are viewing? 4X would be the best objective to use in this circumstances.

Part III

Record your predictions and rationale. The Carrot immersed in salt water will shrink and be limp due to dehydration (the saltwater solution drawing the water out of the carrot) causing the string to fall off and the carrot in freshwater will expand due to adding hydration causing the string to tighten and possibly extend.

Note if there are any differences in the tightness of the strings and the textures for both carrots. The carrot in the freshwater expanded causing the string to tightened. Where as the saltwater carrot became limp and the string fell off.

Observe which type of water caused an increase in cell size. The Freshwater caused a increase in cell size. and the Saltwater caused a decreased in cell size.

What is osmosis? Osmosis is the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane such as cell membrane.

What is moving? Water Why? Because the water is trying to find a equal Librium in concentration.

How is this important for the health of cells? Health Cells depend on water to keep an even balance of Osmotic pressure. If a person were to drink a larger amount of saltwater there body would start to dehydrate.

Table 2. Starting and Ending Carrot Measurements

	Length at Start of 24 Hours	Length at End of 24 Hours	Width at Start of 24 Hours	Width at End of 24 Hours
Freshwater Carrot	4 ¼”	4 ½	5/8”	¾”
Saltwater Carrot	4 ¼”	3 ¾”	5/8”	½”